Kamis, 02 Juli 2015

Eating Junk Food

Junk Food Contributes to Poor Performance and Obesity
Junk food contains large amounts of fat, and as fat accumulates in your body, you'll gain weight and could become obese. The more weight you gain, the more you'll be at risk for serious chronic illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease and arthritis. You could even have a heart attack.
The high levels of fat and sodium in junk food can cause high blood pressure or hypertension. Excessive dietary sodium can also have a negative effect on renal function, even leading to kidney disease.
In the short term, high levels of dietary fat lead to poor cognitive performance. You'll feel tired and have trouble concentrating because your body might not be getting enough oxygen.
Junk Food Can Damage Your Liver and Your Heart
The high levels of fat and sodium in junk food and fast food can contribute to heart disease by raising blood cholesterol levels and contributing to arterial plaque build up. The high levels of trans fatty acids found in many junk foods and fast foods can lead to fatty liver deposits, which, over time, can cause liver dysfunction and disease.
Junk Food Can Lead to Diabetes
Over time, the high levels of sugar and simple carbohydrates in junk food can lead to type 2 diabetes. This occurs because eating too much sugar puts your metabolism under stress; when you eat a lot of refined white sugar and simple carbohydrates, your body has to pump up insulin production to prevent a dangerous spike in blood sugar levels. 
Because junk food doesn't contain the protein or complex carbohydrates that your body needs to maintain consistent blood sugar levels, your blood sugar levels will drop suddenly soon after eating. You'll crave sugar and likely end up eating more junk food.
Over time, this stress damages your body's ability to use the insulin secreted by your pancrease. A healthy diet can help maintain your body's insulin sensitivity.
Even in the short term, eating too much junk food can make you feel really uncomfortable. It can lead to mood swings and constipation, and lower your energy levels so that you lack interest in the exercise you need to burn off those extra calories.

Fast Food Nutrition: Junk Food's Effect On Your Body

Fast food nutrition should make up a minimal part of a healthy diet. Fast foods and junk foods are high in fat, sodium and sugar, which can lead to obesity and a range of attendant health problems, including diabetes, heart disease and arthritis. Here are the facts about how excessive junk food consumption affects your body.

Junk Food Affects Your Energy Levels
Junk food doesn't contain the nutrients your body needs to stay healthy. As a result, you may feel chronically fatigued and lack the energy you need to complete daily tasks. The high levels of sugar in junk food puts your metabolism under stress; when you eat refined sugar, your pancreas secretes high amounts of insulin to prevent a dangerous spike in blood sugar levels.
Because fast food and junk food don't contain adequate amounts of protein and good carbohydrates, your blood sugar levels will drop suddenly after eating, leaving you feeling grumpy, fatigued and craving sugar.
What Happens to Your Metabolism After Five Days of Junk Food
Even though their caloric intake remained unchanged, when men ate a junk-food diet their muscles' ability to oxidize glucose was disrupted in just five days' time. This is a significant change, because muscle plays an important role in clearing glucose from your body after a meal.
Under normal circumstances, your muscles will either break down the glucose or store it for later use. Your muscles make up about 30 percent of your body weight, so if you lose this key player in glucose metabolism it could pave the way for diabetes and other health problems. As reported by TIME:
"'The normal response to a meal was essentially either blunted or just not there after five days of high-fat feeding,' [Matthew] Hulver, [PhD, department head of Human Nutrition, Food, and Exercise at Virginia Tech Hulver] says.
Before going on a work-week's worth of a fatty diet, when the men ate a normal meal they saw big increases in oxidative targets four hours after eating.
That response was obliterated after the five-day fat infusion. And under normal eating conditions, the biopsied muscle used glucose as an energy source by oxidizing glucose. 'That was essentially wiped out after,' he says. 'We were surprised how robust the effects were just with five days.'"
Just One Bad Meal Can Mess with Your Health
Morgan Spurlock's documentary Super Size Me was one of the first to vividly demonstrate the consequences of trying to sustain yourself on a diet of fast food. After just four weeks, Spurlock's health had deteriorated to the point that his physician warned him he was putting his life in serious jeopardy if he continued the experiment.
But as the featured study showed, it doesn't take a virtual month to experience the health effects of a poor diet. In fact, the changes happen after just one meal, according to research published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
When you eat a meal high in unhealthy fats and sugar, the sugar causes a large spike in your blood-sugar levels called "post-prandial hyperglycemia." In the long term this can lead to an increased risk of heart attack, but there are short-term effects as well, such as:
Your tissue becomes inflamed (as occurs when it is infected)
Your blood vessels constrict
Damaging free radicals are generated
Your blood pressure may rise higher than normal
A surge and drop in insulin may leave you feeling hungry soon after your meal
The good news is that eating a healthy meal helps your body return to its normal, optimal state, even after just one. Study author James O'Keefe of the Mid America Heart Institute in Kansas City,
Missouri told TIME:
"Your health and vigor, at a very basic level, are as good as your last meal."

Kids who regularly indulge in junk food may be at increased risk for health complications like obesity and depression.
Junk food can be appealing for a variety of reasons, including convenience, price and taste. For children, who do not always understand the health consequences of their eating habits, junk food may appear especially appetizing. However, regularly consuming fattening junk food can be addictive for children and lead to complications like obesity, chronic illness, low self-esteem and even depression, as well as affecting how they perform in school and extracurricular activities.
Energy and Focus
According to the Women’s and Children’s Health Network, diet has a significant effect on children’s study habits. Junk food and foods with high sugar content deplete energy levels and the ability to concentrate for extended periods of time. Energy and focus are especially crucial for school-age children. Children set the foundation for lifelong habits in their youth, making junk food particularly hazardous to their well-rounded development. Physical activity is also essential for children of all ages, and regularly eating junk food does not provide the necessary nutrients children need for sufficient energy to engage in physical activity. A lack of physical activity is harmful to physical and mental well being and may also exclude a child from critical social development.
Obesity Risk
A study published in “Pediatrics” in 2004 found fast-food consumption in children was linked with many dangerous precursors for obesity. According to this study, kids who ate fast food were more likely to consume a higher amount of calories, fat, carbohydrates and added sugars in one fast food meal. They were also less likely to consume as much fiber, milk and fruits and vegetables as children who did not eat fast food. Children who consumed more fattening foods while eating fast food were also likely, in general, to eat more unhealthy foods at other meals. According to a statement released by the journal “Nature Neuroscience” in 2010, high-calorie food can be addictive, causing children who occasionally eat fast food to learn problematic patterns of eating. These factors were found to place children who regularly ate fast food at increased risk for obesity.
Chronic Illness
According to the Prevention Institute, experts blame junk food for rising rates of diabetes, high blood pressure and stroke. Increasing rates of chronic illness affect children who regularly consume junk food. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention predicts if current trends continue, one in three U.S. adults will have diabetes by the year 2050. Diabetes can result in disability and premature death. The Center for Food Safety noted in 2012 that obese children are also more likely to develop high cholesterol and heart disease later in life. According to the Women’s and Children’s Health Network, changes can happen in children’s bodies even when they’re young that are associated with disease at a more advanced age.
Self-Esteem and Depression
Self-esteem and confidence in oneself are especially important to growing children, and regularly consuming junk food can negatively impact this sense of self. According to “Kids Health Club” magazine, junk food can affect a child’s physical development in detrimental ways, including unhealthy weight gain, which can result in self-esteem problems. Low self-esteem can lead to consequences like depression. Nutritionists at MayoClinic.com also report eating junk food can potentially cause depression on its own. According to the journal “American Family Physician,” depression -- which can be very dangerous for children -- has negative impacts on growth and development, performance in school and social relationships and can ultimately lead to suicide.


Fast food hamburgers are high in calories in low in nutritional value.
Junk food is food that is calorie-dense and nutrient poor. In recent decades, junk food, fast food and convenience food consumption in the United States have increased dramatically, with 25 percent of people now consuming predominantly junk food diets. This trend has occurred concurrently with rising epidemics of numerous chronic diseases and accounts for a long list of reasons why eating junk food is bad.
Obesity
Junk food plays a major role in the obesity epidemic. By the year 2050, the rate of obesity in the U.S. is expected to reach 42 percent, according to researchers at Harvard University. Children who eat fast food as a regular part of their diets consume more fat, carbohydrates and processed sugar and less fiber than those who do not eat fast food regularly. Junk food in these children's diets accounts for 187 extra calories per day, leading to 6 additional pounds of weight gain per year. Obesity increases your risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and many other chronic health conditions.
Diabetes
Your insulin levels become elevated when you eat processed sugars, such as those in soft drinks, white flour and other foods devoid of fiber and nutrients necessary to properly metabolize carbohydrates. Eating junk foods throughout the day causes chronically high insulin levels, which eventually prompts your cells to begin to ignore this important hormone, resulting in a condition known as insulin resistance. Ultimately, obesity and Type 2 diabetes may set in. Since the 1980s, Type 2 diabetes, which was minimal in teenagers, has risen to 15 percent.
Depression
Junk food may lead to depression in teenagers, according to Andrew F. Smith, author of the book "Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat." Hormonal changes at puberty make teens more susceptible to mood and behavioral swings. A healthy diet plays a part in keeping hormone levels on an even keel, while a diet high in junk food falls short of these requirements. Consuming trans fats, saturated fats and processed food is associated with up to 58 percent increase in risk of depression.
Nutrient Deficiencies
Processing that removes vitamins, minerals and fiber makes junk foods into the sources of empty calories that nutritionists disparage. Children who eat a lot of junk foods may develop nutritional deficiencies that lead to low energy, mood swings, sleep disturbance and poor academic achievement, among other health conditions, according to the University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension.
Sodium
High sodium levels are a defining characteristic of many junk foods and one of the contributing factors to the overconsumption of salt that typifies the Western diet and contributes to high blood pressure and heart, liver and kidney diseases, according to Harvard Health Publications. The average American eats five to 10 times more salt than the 2,300 milligrams per day recommended by the U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Considering the high rates of high blood pressure among Americans, that level should be even lower -- about 1,500 milligrams per day -- for 70 percent of adults. However, the trend since 1988 shows that fewer people with hypertension adhere to a low-sodium diet now than did then.

Are you a junk-food junkie? Here's what you need to know.
It's the 21st century and "junk food" has gone global. For better or for worse (mostly worse), junk food is now available all over the world. We see it most everywhere we go -- in grocery and convenience stores, fast-food restaurants, on television -- usually looking very appealing. But just what are the facts about junk food?
"Junk food" generally refers to foods that contribute lots of calories but little nutritional value. Of course, what's considered "junk food" depends on whom you ask. Some might say pizza is junk food, for example. But I personally don't think so, since it contributes real food with nutrients, like cheese and tomato sauce. Add whole-wheat or part whole-wheat crust, plus veggies as a topping, and I'd say pizza completely exits the junk food category.
One problem with junk foods is that they're low in satiation value -- that is, people don't tend to feel as full when they eat them -- which can lead to overeating. Another problem is that junk food tends to replace other, more nutritious foods. When people drink lots of soda, for example, they are usually not getting plenty of low-fat dairy or other healthful beverages like green tea or orange juice. When they're snacking on chips and cookies, they're usually not loading up on fruits and vegetables.
Most "junk food" falls into the categories of either "snack food" or "fast food." And then there are things like breakfast cereals. They seem innocent enough, but some of them could definitely be considered "junk food," as they mostly contain sugar or high-fructose corn syrup and white flour or milled corn.
Calories From Snack Foods
Popular snack foods are usually commercially prepared and packaged, like chips, cheese puffs, candy bars, snack cakes, and cookies.
The contribution of snack food to the calories we eat should not be underestimated. Between 1977 and 1996, the contribution of snack calories to total calories for American children between 2 and 5 years old increased by 30%, according to an article published in the Chilean medical journal, Revista Medica de Chile.

Fast Food and Overeating
Of course, junk food is also readily available at restaurant chains across the country in the form of French fries, chicken nuggets, shakes, soda, etc. Not only are most fast foods not terribly healthy, one study indicates that there may be something about fast food that actually encourages gorging.
In the study, from the Children's Hospital in Boston, teens age 13-17 were given three types of fast-food meals (all including chicken nuggets, French fries, and cola). In one meal, the teens were served a lot of food at once. In another, a lot of food was served at the same time, but in smaller portions. And in the third test meal, a lot of food was served, but in smaller portions over 15-minute intervals.
The researchers found that it didn't seem to matter how much food was served -- the teens still took in about half of their daily calorie needs in that one meal. The researchers suggested that certain factors inherent to fast food might promote overeating:
It's low in fiber.
It's high in palatability (that is, it tastes good).
It offers a high number of calories in a small volume.
It's high in fat.
It's high in sugar in liquid form.
Junk Food and TV
As we all know, many of the food commercials aimed at children are for foods high in fat, sugar, and/or salt, and low in nutritional value. And some research suggests that watching ads for processed foods encourages children to eat more.
Researchers from the University of Liverpool in the United Kingdom exposed 60 children, ages 9 to 11, to both food advertisements and toy advertisements, followed by a cartoon and free food.
The children ate more after the food advertisements than after the commercials for toys, the study found. The obese children in the study increased their consumption of food the most (134%) after watching the food ads, compared to overweight children (101%) and normal-weight children (84%).
Taking the 'Junk' out of Junk Food
Now that you've got the facts about junk food, how can you try to eat more healthfully in our junk- food-filled world? Here are three tips:
Choose fast-food restaurants that offer healthier choices. And no matter where you are, opt for food and beverages that are made up mostly of ingredients that offer nutrients along with calories. Enjoy freshly squeezed orange juice or a whole-wheat bagel instead of soda or donuts. Buy a bean burrito, pizza topped with vegetables, or a grilled chicken sandwich on a whole-grain bun instead of tortilla chips with processed cheese sauce; frozen pizza rolls; or fried chicken pieces and French fries. Avoid sweetened beverages.
Look for products low in sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, milled grains, and partially hydrogenated oils. Choose a 100% whole-wheat cracker made with canola oil, for example, or snack on a cheese and fruit plate instead of a bowl of cheese puffs.
Limit TV viewing, for yourself and your kids. Certain TV shows seem to attract more junk food commercials more than others, so parents might want to discourage kids from watching these shows. Or try TIVO (where you can fast-forward through commercials) or watch DVDs.

How to Kick the Junk Food Habit and Eat Healthy
The good news is that the research shows that the less junk food you eat, the less you crave it. My own experiences have mirrored this. As I’ve slowly begun to eat healthier, I’ve noticed myself wanting pizza and candy and ice cream less and less. Some people refer to this transition period as “gene reprogramming.”
Whatever you want to call it, the lesson is the same: if you can find ways to gradually eat healthier, you’ll start to experience the cravings of junk food less and less. I’ve never claimed to have all the answers (or any, really), but here are three strategies that might help.
1. Use the “outer ring” strategy and the “5 ingredient rule” to buy healthier food.
The best course of action is to avoid buying processed and packaged foods. If you don’t own it, you can’t eat it. Furthermore, if you don’t think about it, you can’t be lured by it.
We’ve talked about the power of junk food to pull you in and how memories of tasty food in the past can cause you to crave more of it in the future. Obviously, you can’t prevent yourself from ever thinking about junk food, but there are ways to reduce your cravings.
First, you can use my “outer ring” strategy to avoid processed and packaged foods at the grocery store. If you limit yourself to purchasing foods that are on the outer ring of the store, then you will generally buy whole foods (fruits, vegetables, meat, eggs, etc.). Not everything on the outer ring is healthy, but you will avoid a lot of unhealthy foods.
You can also follow the “5 ingredient rule” when buying foods at the store. If something has more than 5 ingredients in it, don’t buy it. Odds are, it has been designed to fool you into eating more of it. Avoid those products and stick with the more natural options.
2. Eat a variety of foods.
As we covered earlier, the brain craves novelty.
While you may not be able to replicate the crunchy/creamy contrast of an Oreo, you can vary your diet enough to keep things interesting. For example, you could dip a carrot (crunchy) in some hummus (creamy) and get a novel sensation. Similarly, finding ways to add new spices and flavors to your dishes can make eating healthy foods a more desirable experience.
Moral of the story: eating healthy doesn’t have to be bland. Mix up your foods to get different sensations and you may find it easier than eating the same foods over and over again. (At some point, however, you may have to fall in love with boredom.)
3. Find a better way to deal with your stress.
There’s a reason why many people eat as a way to cope with stress. Stress causes certain regions of the brain to release chemicals (specifically, opiates and neuropeptide Y). These chemicals can trigger mechanisms that are similar to the cravings you get from fat and sugar. In other words, when you get stressed, your brain feels the addictive call of fat and sugar and you’re pulled back to junk food.
We all have stressful situations that arise in our lives. Learning to deal with stress in a different way can help you overcome the addictive pull of junk food. This could include simple breathing techniques or a short guided meditation. Or something more physical like exercise or making art.
With that said, if you’re looking for a better written and more detailed analysis of the science of junk food, I recommend reading the #1 New York Times best-seller, Salt Sugar Fat (audiobook).



Referensi :

Selasa, 03 Februari 2015

Kasus yang Sedang IN di dalam Masalah Merger



 Merger adalah penggabungan dua perusahaan menjadi satu, dimana perusahaan yang me-merger mengambil/membeli semua assets dan liabilities perusahaan yang di-merger dengan begitu perusahaan yang me-merger memiliki paling tidak 50% saham dan perusahaan yang di-merger berhenti beroperasi dan pemegang sahamnya menerima sejumlah uang tunai atau saham di perusahaan yang baru.

Analisis Masalah
      PT Bank Buana mengalami penurunan kinerja dan bermasalah dalam pengelolaan keuangan.
2.     Penempatan posisi yang terjadi saat PT Bank Buana melakukan merger dengan PT Bank Angkasa.
3.     Harga diri dalam hal kualitas kinerja.
 Pemecahan Masalah (Solusi)
  1.    Melakukan acara berkumpul bersama guna untuk mempererat tali silaturahmi dan juga meraka dapat saling mengetahui kelemahan dan kelebihan dari masing-masing individu. Acara berkumpul bersama dapat dilakukan dengan cara, seperti : Gethering atau Malam Akrab (Makrab).
  2.   Mengadakan tes untuk mengetahui seberapa besar kemampuan kinerja yang individu miliki untuk kelayakan posisi yang akan ditempati. Tes tersebut seperti : Psikotes maupun wawancara.
 3.     Mengadakan rapat yang menghadirkan pihak PT. Bank Buana, pihak PT. Bank Angkasa, Pemimpin yang bersangkutan, Komisi dari pihak PT. Bank Angkasa dan PT. Bank Buana, pemegang saham dan orang - orang bersangkutan. Mengadakan rapat membahas masalah - masalah yang terjadi agar dapat mendapatkan hasil yang adil untuk kedua PT tersebut.

Sumber : http://notepenulis17.blogspot.com/2014/05/merger-pt-bank-buana-dengan-pt-bank.html 

Sabtu, 05 April 2014

Pengertian dan Analisa Penalaran DEDUKTIF


Pengertian dan Analisa Penalaran DEDUKTIF

Penalaran Deduktif

Penalaran adalah proses berpikir yang bertolak dari pengamatan indera (pengamatan empirik) yang menghasilkan sejumlah konsep dan pengertian. Berdasarkan pengamatan yang sejenis juga akan terbentuk proposisi – proposisi yang sejenis, berdasarkan sejumlah proposisi yang diketahui atau dianggap benar, orang menyimpulkan sebuah proposisi baru yang sebelumnya tidak diketahui. Proses inilah yang disebut menalar.

Dalam penalaran, proposisi yang dijadikan dasar penyimpulan disebut dengan premis (antesedens) dan hasil kesimpulannya disebut dengankonklusi (consequence). Hubungan antara premis dan konklusi disebut konsekuensi.

Penalaran deduktif menggunakan bentuk benalar deduksi. Deduksi yang berasal dari kata de dan ducere, yang berarti proses penyimpulan pengetahuan khusus dari pengetahuan yang lebih umum atau universal. Perihal khusus tersebut secara implisit terkandung dalam yang lebih umum. Maka, deduksi merupakan proses berpikir dari pengetahuan universal ke singular atau individual.

Sedangkan Penalaran Deduktif  itu sendiri adalah cara berpikir dengan berdasarkan suatu pernyataan dasar untuk menarik kesimpulan. Pernyataan tersebut merupakan premis, sedangkan kesimpulan merupakan implikasi pernyataan dasar tersebut. Artinya, apa yang dikemukakan dalam kesimpulan sudah tersirat dalam premisnya. Jadi, proses deduksi sebenarnya tidak menghasilkan suatu konsep baru, melainkan pernyataan atau kesimpulan yang muncul sebagai konsistensi premis-premisnya.

Penalaran deduktif merupakan prosedur yang berpangkal pada suatu peristiwa umum, yang kebenarannya telah diketahui atau diyakini, dan berakhir pada suatu kesimpulan atau pengetahuan baru yang bersifat lebih khusus. Metode ini diawali dari pebentukan teori, hipotesis, definisi operasional, instrumen dan operasionalisasi. Dengan kata lain, untuk memahami suatu gejala terlebih dahulu harus memiliki konsep dan teori tentang gejala tersebut dan selanjutnya dilakukan penelitian di lapangan. Dengan demikian konteks penalaran deduktif tersebut, konsep dan teori merupakan kata kunci untuk memahami suatu gejala.

Penalaran deduktif menarik kesimpulan khusus dari premis yang lebih umum. jika premis benar dan cara penarikan kesimpulannya sah, maka dapat dipastikan hasil kesimpulannya benar. penalaran deduktif erat dengan matematika khususnya matematika logika dan teori himpunan dan bilangan. contoh penalaran deduktif adalah :
- semua hewan punya mata
- kucing termasuk hewan
- kucing punya mata

Penalaran Deduktif, yaitu adalah cara berpikir dengan berdasarkan suatu pernyataan dasar untuk menarik kesimpulan.

Macam-Macam Silogisme di dalam Penalaran Deduktif:
Di dalam penalaran deduktif terdapat entimen dan 3 macam silogisme, yaitu silogisme kategorial, silogisme hipotesis dan silogisme alternative 
1. Silogisme Kategorial
Silogisme kategorial disusun berdasarkan klasifikasi premis dan kesimpulan yang kategoris. Premis yang mengandung predikat dalam kesimpulan disebut premis mayor, sedangkan premis yang mengandung subjek dalam kesimpulan disebut premis minor.
Silogisme kategorial terjadi dari tiga proposisi, yaitu:
Premis umum : Premis Mayor (My)
Premis khusus : Premis Minor (Mn)
Premis simpulan : Premis Kesimpulan (K)
Dalam simpulan terdapat subjek dan predikat. Subjek simpulan disebut term mayor, dan predikat simpulan disebut term minor.

Aturan umum dalam silogisme kategorial sebagai berikut:
1) Silogisme harus terdiri atas tiga term yaitu : term mayor, term minor, term penengah.
2) Silogisme terdiri atas tiga proposisi yaitu premis mayor, premis minor, dan
     kesimpulan.
3) Dua premis yang negatif tidak dapat menghasilkan simpulan.
4) Bila salah satu premisnya negatif, simpulan pasti negatif.
5) Dari premis yang positif, akan dihasilkan simpulan yang positif.
6) Dari dua premis yang khusus tidak dapat ditarik satu simpulan.
7) Bila premisnya khusus, simpulan akan bersifat khusus.
8 ) Dari premis mayor khusus dan premis minor negatif tidak dapat ditarik satu simpulan.

Contoh:
Contoh silogisme Kategorial:
My : Semua mahasiswa adalah lulusan SLTA
Mn : Saya adalah mahasiswa
K    : Saya lulusan SLTA
My       : Semua siswa SLTA memiliki ijazah SLTP
Mn       : Andi tidak memiliki ijazah SLTP
K          : Andi bukan siswa SLTA

2. Silogisme Hipotesis
Silogisme yang terdiri atas premis mayor yang berproposisi konditional hipotesis.
Konditional hipotesis yaitu, bila premis minornya membenarkan anteseden, simpulannya membenarkan konsekuen. Bila minornya menolak anteseden, simpulannya juga menolak konsekuen.
Contoh :
My : Jika tidak ada makanan, manusia akan kelaparan.
Mn : Makanan tidak ada.
K : Jadi, Manusia akan Kelaparan.
My       : Jika hujan, saya naik mobil
Mn       : Sekarang hujan
K          : Jadi, saya naik mobil

3. Silogisme Alternatif
Silogisme yang terdiri atas premis mayor berupa proposisi alternatif.
Proposisi alternatif yaitu bila premis minornya membenarkan salah satu alternatifnya. Simpulannya akan menolak alternatif yang lain.
Contoh
My : Kakak saya berada di Bandung atau Jakarta.
Mn : Kakak saya berada di Bandung.
K : Jadi, Kakak saya tidak berada di Jakarta.
My       : la lulus atau tidak lulus.
Mn       : Ternyata ia lulus.
K          : Jadi, ia bukan tidak lulus.

4. Entimen
Merupakan silogisme yang salah satu proposisinya dihilangkan tetapi proposisi tersebut dianggap ada dalam pikiran dan dianggap oleh orang lain. Entimen pada dasarnya adalah silogisme.
Silogisme ini jarang ditemukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, baik dalam tulisan maupun lisan. Yang dikemukakan hanya premis minor dan simpulan.
Contoh:
– Dia menerima hadiah pertama karena dia telah menang dalam sayembara itu.
– Anda telah memenangkan sayembara ini, karena itu Anda berhak menerima hadiahnya.
My       : Manusia mahluk rasional.
Mn       : Ayam bukan manusia.
K          : Ayam tidak rasional.

My       : Setiap manusia pernah lupa.
Mn       : Mahasiswa adalah manusia.
K          : Mahasiswa pernah lupa.

Dalam prakteknya, antara berangkat dari teori atau berangkat dari fakta empirik merupakan lingkaran yang tidak terpisahkan. Kalau kita berbicara teori sebenarnya kita sedang mengandaikan fakta dan kalau berbicara fakta maka kita sedang mengandaikan teori (Heru Nugroho; 2001: 69-70). Dengan demikian, untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan ilmiah, penalaran tersebut dapat digunakan dan dilaksanakan dalam suatu ujud penelitian ilmiah yang menggunakan metode ilmiah dan taat pada hukum-hukum logika.



Sumber :